Image : freepik

Kegelapan adalah kisah nyata tentang diri ini yang menyembunyikan jutaan rahasia gelap. Kegelapan adalah filosofi proses kehidupan, dinamika kehidupan dan dialektika kehidupan. Kegelapan memiliki makna di atas ruang kosong dan waktu gelap, tidak ada cahaya cahaya.

Manusia menghadapi tiga periode waktu, pagi dan malam. Malam itu menjadi simbol kegelapan gelap, tidak ada sumber kehidupan jika tidak ada yang menerangi malam itu. Anda akan memahami kegelapan malam. Sayangnya, sekarang semuanya tertekan dan dikelilingi oleh kegelapan, kegelapan yang tidak bisa lagi berkomitmen pada situasi. Kegelapan yang tidak dapat berdamai dengan kondisi dan aliran waktu dalam hidup.

Tapi apakah benar -benar ada kegelapan? Einsten menyatakan bahwa kegelapan tidak benar -benar ada, karena kegelapan hanya menjadi istilah tanpa adanya cahaya. Atau, ada atau tidak realitas yang memenuhi kolaborasi hati dan alasan yang menjadi pengetahuan dan dibungkus oleh keadaan sains bahwa kegelapan ada. Karena kegelapan adalah kebalikan dari cahaya.

Dinamika kehidupan telah menciptakan Tuhan melalui kegelapan untuk menemukan kebenaran definitif dalam hidup. Melalui kegelapan saya belajar tentang cahaya, melalui kegelapan saya bersaksi tentang ketidaktahuan. Karena kegelapan adalah antitesis sejati tentang cahaya dan cahaya.

Bahkan, kita membutuhkan kegelapan untuk tetap, merenungkan dan berpikir tentang apa yang harus dipikirkan. Terkadang kita tenang dan bayangan dalam kegelapan. Saya memilih keheningan dalam kegelapan ini. Ballido dengan saya dengan sensasi gelap dan tenang dalam ritme dan aliran ketidaktahuan. Saya mengakui bahwa saya tidak pernah merasa jika saya tidak pernah merasakan kehadiran kegelapan dalam diri saya. Tapi itu tidak berarti bahwa saya memilih The Dark! Tidak masalah. Kemudian saya akan bergerak menuju cahaya ketika saya hidup secara sadar.

Apakah kegelapan adalah kebenaran? Saya tidak berpikir begitu, kegelapan hanyalah jembatan untuk menemukan sifat cahaya, sifat cahaya. Kemudian Anda dan saya, yang terlalu nyaman dalam kegelapan, segera bergerak, temukan ritme dalam jiwa untuk bergerak ke cahaya.

Bahkan, masalahnya diucapkan secara lisan sehingga kita dapat bergerak ke cahaya. Tetapi kenyataan dari alasan ini enggan mengikuti ritme jiwa yang menginginkan kebebasan kegelapan. Mungkin ini bukan waktunya, penantian setia yang cemerlang, tetapi kegelapan tidak pernah berakhir dalam paket hidup saya.

Hei ... Saya pikir saya lebih suka tetap dalam kegelapan, sampai saya menemukan kepercayaan diri saya untuk bergerak dari kegelapan ini ...

Image : pexels

Not all unpleasant or difficult experiences are a sign of disgust from God. On the contrary, sometimes our most painful feelings and distressing circumstances are the means through which God transforms us deeply. The great Spanish mystic, San Juan de la Cruz, gave a name to this experience: "The dark night of the soul."

The dark night of the soul has become a popular way to describe any painful experience. But not all painful experiences describe as a dark night of the soul. The dark night "is much more significant than simple misfortune. It is a deep transformation, a movement towards indescribable freedom and joy." 1 at the dark night, "the soul is strengthened and confirmed in virtues, and prepares for the invaluable delights of God's love." 2 Only by means of the dark night, and the anguish that accompanies him, can satisfy the deepest desire of one in the spiritual union with God.

“[The] dark night of the soul is a totally loving, healing and liberating process. If you feel that way is another question completely. "3 The reason why the dark night is difficult and disturbing is not because God is absent or inactive in the life of a person. The reason why the dark night is A distressing is precisely because God is working, in a powerful, deep and transformative way.

Rar 13: 3 (summer 2004) p. 28

The dark night is something deeply good. It is a continuous spiritual process in which we are freed from attachments and compulsions and entitled to live and love more freedom. Sometimes, this letting go of old ways is painful, occasionally even devastating. But that's not why the night is called "dark." The darkness of the night does not imply anything sinister, only that liberation takes place in a hidden way, under our knowledge and understanding. It happens mysteriously, secretly and beyond our conscious control. For that reason, it can be disturbing or even scary, but in the end it always works for our benefit.4

John illustrates this with the metaphor of a mother dismissing a child. Through the dark night process, the soul "loses [s] a child's habits and goes to the most important and substantial occupations" (38). This is necessary, because "without such twists [one] I would not learn to reach God" (90).

On the dark night, the believer reaches the end of himself and directly ...

Image : vision

What is cognitive bias?

A cognitive bias is a systematic error when thinking that people process and interpret information in the world that surrounds them and affects the decisions and judgments they make.

The human brain is powerful but is subject to limitations. Cognitive biases are often the result of the attempt of your brain to simplify information processing. Biases often function as general rules that help him mean the world and achieve decisions with relative speed.

Some of these biases are related to memory. The way in which an event remembers can be biased for several reasons and that, in turn, can lead to biased thought and decision making.

Other cognitive biases may be related to attention problems. Since attention is a limited resource, people must be selective about what they pay attention to the world that surrounds them.

Because of this, subtle biases can enter and influence the way you see and think about the world.

The concept of cognitive bias was first introduced by researchers Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in 1972. Since then, researchers have described several different types of biases that affect decision making in a wide range of areas that include social behavior, Cognition, behavioral economy, education, management, medical care, business and finance.

Cognitive bias versus logical fallacy

People sometimes confuse cognitive biases with logical fallacies, but both are not the same. A logical fallacy comes from an error in a logical argument, while a cognitive bias is based on processing errors of thoughts that often arise from problems of memory, attention, attribution and other mental errors.

Signals

All exhibit cognitive bias. It can be easier to detect in others, but it is important to know that it is something that also affects your thinking. Some signs that could be influenced by some type of cognitive bias include:

• Just paying attention to the news confirming their opinions
• Blaming external factors when things do not come out in your own way
• Attribute the success of other people to luck, but take personal credit for their own achievements
• Assuming that everyone else shares their opinions or beliefs
• Learn a little on a subject and then assume that you know everything you have to know about it.

When you are making judgments and decisions about the world around it, you like to think that it is objective, logical and capable of assimilating and evaluating all the information that is available for you. Unfortunately, these prejudices sometimes stumble, which leads to bad decisions and bad judgments.

Types

Get more information about some of the most common types of cognitive biases that can distort your thinking.

• Actor-Observative bias: This is the tendency to attribute its own actions to external causes while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes. For example, he attributes his high level of cholesterol to genetics, while considering that others have a high level due to bad diet and lack of exercise.
• Anchor bias: This is the tendency to trust too much on the first information you learn. For example, if you learn that the average price of a car is a certain value, you will think about any amount below, it may not look for better offers. You can use this bias to establish the expectations of others by placing the first information in the table for consideration.
• Attentional bias: This is the tendency to pay attention to some things while simultaneously ignoring others. For example, by making a decision on which car to buy, you can pay attention to the appearance of the outside and the interior, but ignore the security registration and consumption of gasoline.
• Heuristic availability: This is putting greater value in the information that occurs quickly. You give greater credit to this information and tend to overestimate the probability and probability that similar things occur in the future.
• Confirmation bias: This is favoring the information that fits its existing beliefs and with the evidence discount that does not fit.
• False consensus effect: This is the tendency to overestimate how much other people agree with you.
• Functional fixation: This is the tendency to see that objects only work in a particular way. For example, if you do not have a hammer, you never consider that you can also use a large key to drive a nail on the wall. You may think that you don't need thumb thumbs because you have no cork in which to attack things, but not consider your other uses. This could be extended to the functions of people, how not to realize that a personal assistant has skills to be in leadership role.
• Halo effect: your person's general impression influences how you feel and think about them. This applies especially to physical attractiveness that influences how its other qualities qualifies.
• Erroneous information effect: This is the trend of information after the event to interfere with the memory of the original event. It is easy to have your memory influenced by what you listen to the event of others. The knowledge of this effect has led to a distrust of the information of eyewitnesses.
• Optimism bias: This bias leads him to believe that he is less likely to suffer a misfortune and that he is more likely to reach his classmates.
• Selfish bias: This is the tendency to blame external forces when bad things happen and good things happen when good things happen. For example, when you want a poker hand, it is due to your ability to read the other players and know the probabilities, while when you lose it it is because they crush you a poor hand.
• The Dunning-Kruger effect: is when people who believe they are smarter and more capable of what they really are. For example, when they cannot recognize their own incompetence.

Sometimes, multiple biases can play a role in the influence of their decisions and thought. For example, you can badly remember an event (the misinformation effect) and assume that everyone else shares that same memory of what happened (the false consensus effect).

Ilustrasi oleh (istimewa)

Personal identity consists of the things that make you highlight in a crowd, for example, your megawatt smile or brilliant ingenuity. According to David Buss, a psychologist at the University of Texas in Austin, personal identity consists of a public self and a private self, each with its own components.
Three important aspects constitute public being:

• Appearance: Being aware of your appearance is a large part of your identity. This is not an exclusive perspective of Western civilization. Cultures around the world participate in elaborate attempts to improve appearances and improve personal beauty, as each particular culture defines it. Some philosophers claim that a sense of aesthetics is essential for good life.
• Style: George Clooney, Harry Styles and Rihanna have style, and, in the case of Harry, it is literally within his name! The way they speak, their body language and their facial expressions are undeniably "them." Everyone has a peculiar way of speaking and moving. These things constitute a person's style. However, it is not confused with the examples of Clooney, Styles or Riri; The style is not about being "great." Your style is exclusive to you, whether great or not.
• Personality: Personality theories try to explain individuality based on differences between personalities. Personalities are durable and do not change easily.
• The private being consists of characteristics that are difficult to see and observe: their thoughts, feelings and dreams and fantasies.
• Thoughts: Knowing what someone is thinking is difficult, unless they tell you. Some people are better than others to discover what people are thinking, but in reality it is nothing more than a sophisticated riddle process.
• Feelings: Mental health professionals often evaluate new patients in psychiatric hospitals with something called mental state exam. The professional observes the patient, partly to discover how the patient feels. This observable aspect of how someone feels is the effect.
• Sounddreams/Fantasies: Who would you be without your dreams and fantasies? Again, fantasies are typically private, especially sexual. Yours are unique to you and define you. Ya

Your social identity

What's your name? Where are you from? What is your religion? Each of these questions is a component of an aspect of their social identity: those things that identify it with a particular social category.
Group affiliation refers to things such as its vocations and social clubs. Many people identify for their type of work. But another important dimension of social identity is the types of social clubs and the cliques with which an Afilia person. Their social identity consists of certain identity factors that, when they all take together, equal social "you" these factors include kinship, race and ethnicity, and religious beliefs.

Relationship

Killing is essential for social identity. His relatives are their "relatives", and most people get their surnames from their families of origin. In the United States, surnames are legal names and a fairly reliable way of identifying people. Although many people have the same name, many more.

Ethnicity and nationality

Ethnicity is another important aspect of social identity and is defined as a classification of belonging to a particular group based on a similar cultural tradition. The categories are quite arbitrary on behalf, but include a lot of information. Some people feel more comfortable without identifying ethnic differences between people because they fear discrimination.

Religious and group affiliations

Religious affiliation affects the social identity of a person to varying degrees. The religious identity of an individual is a central aspect to determine who they are.

Self esteem

Unfortunately, sometimes having a mirror self (based on your sense of yourself on how you think others perceive) can be a bad thing. While other people see you in good light, everything is fine. But this often is not the case. Children, for example, are sometimes belittled, left or verbally abused by their own parents. Even adults know that others do not always keep them in the highest esteem, so many people do not have much attention for themselves.
Buss offers a good review of six main sources of self -esteem:

• Appearance: people generally feel better with themselves when they feel attractive. A lot of research in social psychology has shown that people judged as attractive have more favors and are preferred by social interaction more than those that are not.
• Capacity and performance: people feel better with themselves when they get good grades, have a good performance at work and do things successfully. The more a person can achieve by himself, the more likely he will feel good about himself.
• Power: When a person feels that she has control of her life, she is more likely to feel good about herself. There are at least three sub-funds of a sense of power: domain, status and money. Domination can be achieved by coercion, competence or leadership. The State and money speak for themselves.

Social rewards: Three types of social rewards tend to make people feel good about who they are:

Affection: People like you.

Praise: Someone tells you that you are doing a good job.

Respect: others value their opinions, thoughts and actions.

• Indirect elements: this source of self -esteem is about feeling good about itself due to things "outside" instead of "inside." The reflected glory makes you feel good because you get an impulse to be close or associated with successful, powerful or popular people. It is the form of self -esteem "I know famous people." Having pleasant material possessions can also make some people feel better with themselves.
• Morality: Morality implies being a good person and living according to the standards and rules of social behavior that he admires. For the most part, morality is a relative term. But, when someone feels that they have taken the moral terrain (however, they define it) in a situation, they are likely to have positive self -esteem.

Image : credit freepik

Philosophical presentism is the opinion that there are only current entities (or, equivalent, that everything is present). According to presentism, then, there are no completely passed or simply future entities. In a sense, the past and the future do not exist for the presentists: events have happened (they have existed) and the future events will occur (they will exist), but neither exists at all since they do not exist now. 

Presentism is a vision of temporary ontology that contrasts with eternalism, the opinion that there are past, present and future entities (that is, the ontological thesis of the theory of the universe of the block), and with non -futurism, the vision, the vision that only passed and present there are entities (that is, the ontological thesis of the theory of the growing block).

A main objection to presentism comes from the idea that what is true depends substantially on what exists (or that the truth depends or 'supervene' on being). In particular, it is said that presentism is in conflict with the theory of the creator of truth, a theory that seeks to capture the dependence of truth by being with the idea that truths (for example, true propositions) are true in the virtue of the existence of an entity or entities ('real creators'). 

The conflict arises because most presenters accept that there are transcendent and objective truths that transcend evidence about the past (and some accept that there are truths about the future, the rhythm of concerns about fatalism), but presenters deny the existence of the existence of The obvious manufacturers of truth for such such truths. For example, most presenters accept that it is true that Marie Curie discovered Polonio, but deny that her discovery event exists (because it is a totally past event). 

The presentists have been accused of violating the plausible principle of truth (which the truths require real creators) and ontologically 'trap'. Presentists can respond to this objection or denying that the truths about the past require real creators (that is, they can accept the principle of real creator for some truths, but denies that it is applied in general, or reject the manufacturer of the manufacturer of the Truth wholesale principle), or placing existing entities to play the role of real creators for the truths about the past.

Image : tripadvisor

It is not uncommon to be wondering if you have found true love. After all, you can have intensely strong feelings of affection and adoration towards your partner, but how do you know if these feelings really qualify as true love? Fortunately, there are eight key indicators that can help you determine whether what you have found is true love or if it is too good to be true.

What really does true love mean? To discover if true love has found, it is important to first understand what true love implies. Essentially, true love means that you have an unbreakable, unbreakable and incomparable affection and devotion for your partner. It is also defined by an emotional and physical connection with him or she who runs immensely deep, and life without her partner would be practically unthinkable.

What are the signs of true love? If you are not sure that what you are experiencing is, in fact, true love, it is important to seek these eight essential indicators.

1. You care about this person unconditionally. A revealing sign that you have found true love is that worship your partner absolutely and undeniable without attached ropes. In other words, it does not matter what circumstances can happen and in good times, as well as bad, you support and carefully take care of this person. Unconditional love is in the heart of what true love means and implies.

2. You completely accept your partner. An additional indicator of true love is that you understand and accept your partner for the person who really is. You are not trying to change your partner, fix it and/or turn it into a different person. Rather, accept, appreciate and love your partner, defects and everything.

3. You can talk about anything. When you have found true love, it means that you can argue frankly and honestly anything with this person. True love implies that you are completely sincere with your partner, you are not containing different aspects of your past and that you can open completely to him or her. It shares an intimacy that is emotional and physical, and its loving connection is stronger due to its disposition and ability to be open and vulnerable to each other.

4. You are completely yourself with this person. When you have found true love, you can be totally authentic with your partner. You do not pretend to be someone who is not, pretending interests, passions or hobbies and/or acting in a way that does not reflect the true you. Being yourself in your relationship is essential to experience true love.

5. They respect each other. To experience true love, it also means that there is a high level of respect, kindness and compassion between you and your partner. You can empathize with each other, see the point of view of the other and can resolve conflicts and disputes in a constructive and respectful way of the welfare of the other.

6. You have similar values. To experience true love, their morals and values ​​must align with those of their partner. While he can have his differences, such as where he grew up, his religious experience or simply his obsession with football, true love means that he is on the same page when it comes to distinguishing the right thing from incorrect. In a word, having similar principles is a main component of true love.

7. Your happiness levels feed together. If you ask if you have found true love, it is important to pay close attention to your true feelings and emotions. Does making this person happy make you happy in return? Surprise or make favors for your partner also gives you a wave of joy? When you and your partner have a mutual desire to bring happiness and satisfaction to each other, they should be happy to know that you are experiencing true love.

8. You are a team. When you have found true love, it means that you are completely committed, dedicated and dedicated to each other. With true love, you and your partner work together as a unity to enrich the lives of others for the better. And instead of behaving in a selfish or selfish way, you think in terms of "we" instead of "me." When it comes to true love, your partner is really your teammate.

Ilustration: corporate finance institute

Natural law (Latin: ius nature, lex naturalis) is a system of law based on a nearby observation of human nature, and based on intrinsic values ​​to human nature that can be deduced and applied independently of positive law (laws you express promulgated from a State or society). According to the theory of natural law, all people have inherent rights, not by act of legislation but by "God, nature or reason." The theory of natural law can also refer to "theories of ethics, politics theories, civil law theories and theories of religious morality."

In the western tradition it was anticipated by pre-social, for example, in their search for principles that ruled the cosmos and human beings. The concept of natural law was documented in ancient Greek philosophy, including Aristotle, and Cicero was mentioned in the ancient Roman philosophy. The references to this are also found in the Old and New Testament of the Bible, and were then exposed in the Middle Ages by Christian philosophers such as Albert El Grande and Thomas Aquinas. The Salamanca School made notable contributions during the Renaissance.

Although the central ideas of natural law had been part of Christian thought since the Roman Empire, the basis for natural law as a consistent system were established by Aquino, since it synthesized ideas of their predecessors and condensed them in their "lex naturalis" (Illuminated. "The natural law"). St. Thomas argues that because human beings are right, and because reason is a spark of the divine (see image of God), all human lives are sacred and infinite compared to any created object, which means that All humans are fundamentally equal and granted with an intrinsic basic set of rights that no human can eliminate.

The theories of modern natural law took shape in the era of lighting, combining inspiration of Roman law, Christian school philosophy and contemporary concepts such as social contract theory. It was used to challenge the theory of divine law of the Kings, and became an alternative justification for the establishment of a social contract, positive law and government and, therefore, legal rights, in the form of classical republicanism. In the first decades of the 21st century, the concept of natural law is closely related to the concept of natural rights. In fact, many philosophers, jurists and academics use the natural law synonymous with natural rights (Latin: natural), or natural justice, although others distinguish between natural law and natural law.

Due to the intersection between natural law and natural rights, natural law has been claimed or attributed as a key component in the Abjuration Law (1581) of the Netherlands, the declaration of independence (1776) of the United States, The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789) of France, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) of the United Nations, as well as the European Convention on Human Rights (1953) of the Council of Europe.