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What is cognitive bias?

A cognitive bias is a systematic error when thinking that people process and interpret information in the world that surrounds them and affects the decisions and judgments they make.

The human brain is powerful but is subject to limitations. Cognitive biases are often the result of the attempt of your brain to simplify information processing. Biases often function as general rules that help him mean the world and achieve decisions with relative speed.

Some of these biases are related to memory. The way in which an event remembers can be biased for several reasons and that, in turn, can lead to biased thought and decision making.

Other cognitive biases may be related to attention problems. Since attention is a limited resource, people must be selective about what they pay attention to the world that surrounds them.

Because of this, subtle biases can enter and influence the way you see and think about the world.

The concept of cognitive bias was first introduced by researchers Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in 1972. Since then, researchers have described several different types of biases that affect decision making in a wide range of areas that include social behavior, Cognition, behavioral economy, education, management, medical care, business and finance.

Cognitive bias versus logical fallacy

People sometimes confuse cognitive biases with logical fallacies, but both are not the same. A logical fallacy comes from an error in a logical argument, while a cognitive bias is based on processing errors of thoughts that often arise from problems of memory, attention, attribution and other mental errors.

Signals

All exhibit cognitive bias. It can be easier to detect in others, but it is important to know that it is something that also affects your thinking. Some signs that could be influenced by some type of cognitive bias include:

• Just paying attention to the news confirming their opinions
• Blaming external factors when things do not come out in your own way
• Attribute the success of other people to luck, but take personal credit for their own achievements
• Assuming that everyone else shares their opinions or beliefs
• Learn a little on a subject and then assume that you know everything you have to know about it.

When you are making judgments and decisions about the world around it, you like to think that it is objective, logical and capable of assimilating and evaluating all the information that is available for you. Unfortunately, these prejudices sometimes stumble, which leads to bad decisions and bad judgments.

Types

Get more information about some of the most common types of cognitive biases that can distort your thinking.

• Actor-Observative bias: This is the tendency to attribute its own actions to external causes while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes. For example, he attributes his high level of cholesterol to genetics, while considering that others have a high level due to bad diet and lack of exercise.
• Anchor bias: This is the tendency to trust too much on the first information you learn. For example, if you learn that the average price of a car is a certain value, you will think about any amount below, it may not look for better offers. You can use this bias to establish the expectations of others by placing the first information in the table for consideration.
• Attentional bias: This is the tendency to pay attention to some things while simultaneously ignoring others. For example, by making a decision on which car to buy, you can pay attention to the appearance of the outside and the interior, but ignore the security registration and consumption of gasoline.
• Heuristic availability: This is putting greater value in the information that occurs quickly. You give greater credit to this information and tend to overestimate the probability and probability that similar things occur in the future.
• Confirmation bias: This is favoring the information that fits its existing beliefs and with the evidence discount that does not fit.
• False consensus effect: This is the tendency to overestimate how much other people agree with you.
• Functional fixation: This is the tendency to see that objects only work in a particular way. For example, if you do not have a hammer, you never consider that you can also use a large key to drive a nail on the wall. You may think that you don't need thumb thumbs because you have no cork in which to attack things, but not consider your other uses. This could be extended to the functions of people, how not to realize that a personal assistant has skills to be in leadership role.
• Halo effect: your person's general impression influences how you feel and think about them. This applies especially to physical attractiveness that influences how its other qualities qualifies.
• Erroneous information effect: This is the trend of information after the event to interfere with the memory of the original event. It is easy to have your memory influenced by what you listen to the event of others. The knowledge of this effect has led to a distrust of the information of eyewitnesses.
• Optimism bias: This bias leads him to believe that he is less likely to suffer a misfortune and that he is more likely to reach his classmates.
• Selfish bias: This is the tendency to blame external forces when bad things happen and good things happen when good things happen. For example, when you want a poker hand, it is due to your ability to read the other players and know the probabilities, while when you lose it it is because they crush you a poor hand.
• The Dunning-Kruger effect: is when people who believe they are smarter and more capable of what they really are. For example, when they cannot recognize their own incompetence.

Sometimes, multiple biases can play a role in the influence of their decisions and thought. For example, you can badly remember an event (the misinformation effect) and assume that everyone else shares that same memory of what happened (the false consensus effect).

Ilustrasi oleh (istimewa)

Personal identity consists of the things that make you highlight in a crowd, for example, your megawatt smile or brilliant ingenuity. According to David Buss, a psychologist at the University of Texas in Austin, personal identity consists of a public self and a private self, each with its own components.
Three important aspects constitute public being:

• Appearance: Being aware of your appearance is a large part of your identity. This is not an exclusive perspective of Western civilization. Cultures around the world participate in elaborate attempts to improve appearances and improve personal beauty, as each particular culture defines it. Some philosophers claim that a sense of aesthetics is essential for good life.
• Style: George Clooney, Harry Styles and Rihanna have style, and, in the case of Harry, it is literally within his name! The way they speak, their body language and their facial expressions are undeniably "them." Everyone has a peculiar way of speaking and moving. These things constitute a person's style. However, it is not confused with the examples of Clooney, Styles or Riri; The style is not about being "great." Your style is exclusive to you, whether great or not.
• Personality: Personality theories try to explain individuality based on differences between personalities. Personalities are durable and do not change easily.
• The private being consists of characteristics that are difficult to see and observe: their thoughts, feelings and dreams and fantasies.
• Thoughts: Knowing what someone is thinking is difficult, unless they tell you. Some people are better than others to discover what people are thinking, but in reality it is nothing more than a sophisticated riddle process.
• Feelings: Mental health professionals often evaluate new patients in psychiatric hospitals with something called mental state exam. The professional observes the patient, partly to discover how the patient feels. This observable aspect of how someone feels is the effect.
• Sounddreams/Fantasies: Who would you be without your dreams and fantasies? Again, fantasies are typically private, especially sexual. Yours are unique to you and define you. Ya

Your social identity

What's your name? Where are you from? What is your religion? Each of these questions is a component of an aspect of their social identity: those things that identify it with a particular social category.
Group affiliation refers to things such as its vocations and social clubs. Many people identify for their type of work. But another important dimension of social identity is the types of social clubs and the cliques with which an Afilia person. Their social identity consists of certain identity factors that, when they all take together, equal social "you" these factors include kinship, race and ethnicity, and religious beliefs.

Relationship

Killing is essential for social identity. His relatives are their "relatives", and most people get their surnames from their families of origin. In the United States, surnames are legal names and a fairly reliable way of identifying people. Although many people have the same name, many more.

Ethnicity and nationality

Ethnicity is another important aspect of social identity and is defined as a classification of belonging to a particular group based on a similar cultural tradition. The categories are quite arbitrary on behalf, but include a lot of information. Some people feel more comfortable without identifying ethnic differences between people because they fear discrimination.

Religious and group affiliations

Religious affiliation affects the social identity of a person to varying degrees. The religious identity of an individual is a central aspect to determine who they are.

Self esteem

Unfortunately, sometimes having a mirror self (based on your sense of yourself on how you think others perceive) can be a bad thing. While other people see you in good light, everything is fine. But this often is not the case. Children, for example, are sometimes belittled, left or verbally abused by their own parents. Even adults know that others do not always keep them in the highest esteem, so many people do not have much attention for themselves.
Buss offers a good review of six main sources of self -esteem:

• Appearance: people generally feel better with themselves when they feel attractive. A lot of research in social psychology has shown that people judged as attractive have more favors and are preferred by social interaction more than those that are not.
• Capacity and performance: people feel better with themselves when they get good grades, have a good performance at work and do things successfully. The more a person can achieve by himself, the more likely he will feel good about himself.
• Power: When a person feels that she has control of her life, she is more likely to feel good about herself. There are at least three sub-funds of a sense of power: domain, status and money. Domination can be achieved by coercion, competence or leadership. The State and money speak for themselves.

Social rewards: Three types of social rewards tend to make people feel good about who they are:

Affection: People like you.

Praise: Someone tells you that you are doing a good job.

Respect: others value their opinions, thoughts and actions.

• Indirect elements: this source of self -esteem is about feeling good about itself due to things "outside" instead of "inside." The reflected glory makes you feel good because you get an impulse to be close or associated with successful, powerful or popular people. It is the form of self -esteem "I know famous people." Having pleasant material possessions can also make some people feel better with themselves.
• Morality: Morality implies being a good person and living according to the standards and rules of social behavior that he admires. For the most part, morality is a relative term. But, when someone feels that they have taken the moral terrain (however, they define it) in a situation, they are likely to have positive self -esteem.

Ilustration: huwork

Loneliness, loneliness and isolation, while they are related to each other, are different. Loneliness can be good for your well -being, but not if it is unwanted isolation.

As someone prone to anxiety and stress, I have actively sought loneliness in the form of meditation retreats in several places.

I thought they would train me to better take care of my mental health without depending on the external validation of any person.

My last retirement in Burma took place in the middle of a forest infested with creatures with huge snake snakes. I slept in a room that housed tropical size cockroaches that was not allowed to kill.

As you can probably imagine, when I left my loneliness 10 days later, I felt like Superwoman.

My will was much stronger than I had imagined. My trust grew from this experience, serving as a reminder that I can, and I will be fine alone.

While now I am quite comfortable in chosen solitude, I have a much more difficult time when loneliness is imposed by external circumstances, and that is the main difference when trying to understand loneliness in the face of loneliness and social isolation.

They are different from each other and sometimes they can be confused.

During the coronavirus block, for example, I worked in front of a computer all day. I had no interaction with anyone and was as insulating and lonely as those retreats were, if no more, for different reasons.

However, I was not the only one who felt just because of the lack of social interaction.

This forced loneliness was the shared experience of many who participated in the Covid-19 survey of the Lonelity roots project during the first months of the pandemic.

Before pandemic, 28.9% of those who lived alone reported that they fought with loneliness. However, after the pandemic began, 67.7% of those who lived alone felt something or much more lonely due to the loneliness imposed.

Echoing my own experience with involuntary loneliness during pandemic, almost 60% of respondents reported that what they lost most was being with friends and family who did not live with them.

A respondent said moving: “I like to be a hermit and isolate me a lot. Now that I don't have the freedom to see family and friends who care, isolation, you can feel that I am struggling to breathe. "

Whether you have felt only as a result of the loneliness imposed or chosen, it is far from being alone.

Let's explore how loneliness, loneliness and isolation are related to each other, and how can be faced with unwanted feelings of loneliness and loneliness.

illustrator: angel number

Tears say a lot about a person's feelings and show her emotions to the world. A person has crying eyes while thinking about something or someone. And the expression of pain by getting rid of tears is one of the best and easiest ways to reduce internal agony. Therefore, when crying, a person helps herself and gets rid of the emotional burden she has been looking for refuge in the head. But what does it mean when you see yourself crying in your dream? Crying in sleep is an extension of the emotions you experience in real life? According to dream interpreters, crying in a dream could indicate a variety of things.

Let's take a look at some of the meanings of sleep.

If you see yourself crying in your dream, then it could mean that you want to express your feelings to someone or to people in general. This could be repressed of anger, pain, joy, agony or ecstasy, etc. The feelings within you could suffocate after not finding ventilation, and therefore, it is possible that you see the tasty eyes in sleep.

If someone's words or actions have hurt you, then you could see yourself expressing your pain in your dream crying. It could also mean that you are an emotional person by nature, and you tend to feel overwhelmed by circumstances. And if you are someone who starts crying after watching someone cry in a movie, then a dream of crying should not worry at all.

Crying in a dream could also indicate that it is time for you to share your feelings or concerns with the people who care. And if that is not the case, such dreams could also suggest that it is depressed. And since depression is not suitable for a healthy life, it must work on the way to overcome it.