Define Team and Different Type of Team . 

Define Team: 

Team is a group of two or more people , who interact and influence each other but has some characteristics is greater degree than ordinary group , including a higher commitment comman gaol and high degree of interdependency and interaction .  In nut shell ,  A Team is group organized  to work together to accomplish a set of objective that cannot achieved effectively by individual. 

Today organisation are utilizing team more and more to meet customers demands and stay competitive in a changing market place. 

Different Type of Team 

Today there are following type of team 

1.self directed Or self managed team 

Self managed team can be defined term of interdependent  individuals who can self regulate their behaviour on relatively whole task. Based on four point :

A. Giving them complete autonomy to manage all the work related issues by themselves. 

B. Creation of self direct team giving the complete responsibility for the completion of task . 

C. They control and regulate the performance of the member and giving the frequent feedbacks. 

D. All this is possible with the implementation of socio technical system. 

2.Virtual team 

A virtual team can be defined in a term of group of Interdependent members who work together on a common task while they are located across the planet. 

This is newer smarter cheaper faster way of accomplishing the task being used by global organisation in the information age. Team are proving to be quite a success as it team productivity , efficiency and effectiveness apart from diversity workforce who apply local and global taking right decision for the organisation. 

3.Quality circle 

Quality circle is small group activity where in a small groups of employes on voluntary basis meet periodically to discuss work related problems .  In fact Quality circle is important HRD mechanism for the involvement of workers at grass root level. 

In a last few years many companies , both private and public sector have experimented with quality circle and the result are very encourage. And some services organisation like bank experimented with quality circle in recently year. 

4.Cross functional team

A cross functional team is characterized the presence of group of people each possess special skill which are applied for achievement of the task with the high degree of Interdependent. 

The success of the CFT would depend upon top management support apart from high degree coordination understanding and support among the team member who should have the ability appreciate  and listin to other person view point from the different specialized  functional area. 

This lead to higher backed by rational and informed decisions on the part of the team member. 

Define Group and  importances of group 

A group is a two or more individual who interact regularly with each other to accomplish a common purpose or goal.

Groups or work teams are the primary tools used by managers. Managers need groups to coordinate individual behavior in order to reach the organizational goals. Groups can make a manager's job easier because by forming a group, he need not explain the task to each and every individual. A manager can easily coordinate with the work of an individual by giving the group a task and allow them to co-ordinate with each other. But for a group to work effectively, the interactions between its members should be productive. Therefore, managers must pay attention to the needs of individuals.

Importance of group and need 

 Groups help in making participative management more effective. 

 Groups of all kinds and types help by cooperating in all the matters related to production and human relations to work effectively in the organization. 

 An individual cannot perform each and every task. Group efforts are required for its completion. For example, building a ship, making of a movie, construction of a fly- over, etc. All these require coordinated and unified efforts of many individuals, working in a group.

  A group can judge in a better way as compared to an individual. 

 Management of modern organizations makes mutual efforts to introduce industrial democracy at workplace. They use project teams and work committees where workers get due recognition. They willingly participate in decision-making.

  The tasks in modern industries are becoming more complex, tedious arid of repetitive nature. Work committees, work groups and teams are formed to monitor the work. They also make the environment at workplace livelier.

individua

Define Learning  and  Nature of learning? 

Learning is an important psychological process that-determines human behavior. Simple way, “learning is something we did when we went to school “it is permanent changing behavior through education and training, practice and experience. Learning can be defined as “relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience or reinforced practice".

Nature of Learning

1.Involves a change in behaviour  : it involves a change in behaviour, though change is not necessarily an improvement over previous behaviour. This change in behaviour may be good or bad from an organisation point  if view although  learning usually connotes improved behaviour. 

2.Relatively permanent :Change should be relatively permanent Temporary change may be only reflective and fall to represent any learning any temporary change in behaviour caused due to fatigue and drugs or temporary adaptation are not covered in learning  . 

3. Based on some experience, practice or training : The behavioral change must be based on some form of practice, experience or training. Any change in behavior due to physical maturation , any disease or physical damages do no constitute learning .

 4.Reinforcement : Reinforcement does not accompany the practice of experience the behavior will eventually disappear. 

5.Learning is reflected in behaviour : A change in an individual's though process or attitudes not accompanied by behavior is not learning. Further learning needs to result in behavior potentiality and not necessarily in the behavior itself Components of process of learning : To understand this process, it is important to understand the role of components of learning. These components are as under learning frequently. 

5.Learning is reflected in behaviour :A change in an individual's though process or attitudes not accompanied by behavior is not learning. Further learning needs to result in behavior potential and not necessarily in the behavior itself. 

Define Perception 

Perception may be defined as process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impression in order to give meaning to the.r environment. Perception is described as a person’s view of reality. 

Perception is an important mediating cognitive process. Through this complex process, people make interpretations of the stimulus or situation they are faced with. Both selectivity and organization go 'into perceptual, interpretations.

 Basic Perceptual Process  

Perception is influenced by characteristics of the object being perceived, by the characteristics of the person and by the situational processes. Perception is a screen or filter through which information passes before having an effect on people. It consists of:

1.Perceptual input - Information, object, event, people, symbols etc. Characteristics of the object include contrast, intensity, movement, repetition and novelty. Characteristics of the person include attitude, self-concept and personality.

2 Perceptual mechanism - receiving of information by means of five senses from the external environment and process them to form output. It includes:

a. Perceptual receiving

b. Perceptual selectivity

c. Perceptual organization

d. Perceptual Interpretation (perceptual context, perceptual defense, halo effect, projection, attribution, stereo typing etc.)

3.Perceptual output - behavioral outcome of perceptual mechanism. It is the result of perceptual process. It includes attitude, opinions, feelings, values and behaviour The details of a particular situation affect the way a person perceives an object;the same person may perceive the same object very differently in different situations. The processes through which a person's perceptions are altered by the situation include selection, organization, attribution, projection, stereotyping process, and the halo effect process. Among these, selective perception and stereotyping are particularly relevant to organisations.

Perceptual context 

Sometimes visual stimuli will be completely meaningless without context. In organization, a pat on the back, a suggestive gesture, a raised eyebrow etc. will be meaningless without proper context. They will be made more meaningful if an employee receives a pat on the back for enhancement of his performance and like that.

 perceptual defense 

People often screen out perceptual stimuli that make them uncomfortable and dissatisfying people generally build defense against stimuli or events that are either personally or culturally unacceptable or threatening. Perceptual defence is performed by 

a. Denying the existence or importance of conflicting information.

b. Distorting the new information to match the old

c. Acknowledging the existence of new information but treating it as a non- representative exception.

Selective Perception 

Selective perception is the process of screening out information that we are uncomfortable with or that contradicts our beliefs. For example, a manager has a very positive attitude about a particular worker and one day he notices that the worker seems to be goofing up. Selective perception may make the manager to quickly disregard what he observed. For example, a manager who has formed a very negative attitude about a particular worker and he happens to observe a high performance from the same worker.In this case influenced by the selective perception process he too will disregard it.

Different types of Personality 

Introvert Personalities : Introvert is one of the two basic orientations of people have. Persons with introvert orientation are primarily oriented to the subjective world. Such people look inward and experience and process their thoughts and ideas within themselves. They also avoid social contacts and initiating interaction with other group mates, withdrawn, quiet and enjoy solitude. People with introvert personality are found more inclined to excel at tasks that require thought and analytical skill.

Extrovert Personalities :Simply speaking, extroverts are just contrary to introverts. Extroverts are friendly, sociable, lively, gregarious, aggressive and expressing their feelings and ideas openly. Accordingly, they are more suitable and successful for the positions that require considerable interaction with others. Sales activities, publicity. departments, personal relations unit, etc. are the examples of activities suitable for extroverts.

Judging Personalities : People with judging personality types like to follow a plan, make decisions and need only that what is essential for their work.

Perceptive Personalities :  These are the people who adapt well to change, want to know all about a job and at times may get overcommitted.

Define Personality and explain Determinants of personality            

Personality is a complex, multi-dimensional construct and there is no simple definition of what personality is. Maddi defines personality as, “A stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine those commonalities and differences in the psychological behavior and that may not be easily understood as the sole result of the social and biological pressures of the moment. "

The term personality has been derived from Latin word “personnare” which means to speak through. Personality is traditionally refers to how people influence others through their external appearances.                       

Determinants of personality

Peoples are very complex. They have different ability and interest. Personality is influenced by four major factors as:

Social factor

Socialization is a process by which an infant acquires from the enormously wide range of behavioral potentialities that are open to him at birth or customarily acceptable to the family and social groups. The contribution of family and social group in combination with the culture is known as socialization. It initially starts with the contact with the mother and later on the other members of the family, schoolmates, friends, and then colleagues at workspace and so on. An individual has to accept the norms of the society in which he exists.

Cultural factors 

Culture largely determines what a person is and what a person will learn. Culture is the complex of the believes, values and techniques for dealing with the environment which are shared with the contemporaries and transmitted by one generation to the next. Norms, attitude, moral values, introducing and accepting changes etc will influence the personality.

Family

Family is an important factor in shaping personality of an individual. The impact of these factors on the personality can be understood identification process. Identification starts when a person begins to identify himself with some other members of the family. Normally child tries to behave like father or mother. Home environment, family background, social class, parent education level, race, family relationship, geographical location, birth order, number of members in family etc will determine the personality development of an individual. 

Situational factors 

Situation extends an important press on individual. Every  Individual goes through different types of experience and events in his life. Some will influence his behaviour and  will change and modify his behaviour.

1. A Separate Field of Study and Not Discipline only: By definition, a discipline is an accepted science that is based on a theoretical foundation. But, OB has a multi interdisciplinary orientation and is, thus, not based on a specific theoretical background. Therefore, it is better reasonable to call OB as a separate field of study rather than a discipline only. 

2  A Humanistic and Optimistic Approach: OB applies humanistic approach towards people working in the organisation. It treats people as thinking, feeling human beings. OB is based on the belief that people have an innate desire to be independent, creative, and productive. It also realize that people working in the organisation can and will actualise these potentials if they are given proper conditions and environment. As stated earlier, environment affects performance of  workers working in an organisation.

3. An Interdisciplinary Approach :OB is essentially an interdisciplinary approach to study human behaviour at work. It tries to integrate the relevant knowledge drawn from related disciplines like psychology, sociology, and anthropology to make them applicable for studying and analysing organisational behaviour.                                                               

4. An Applied Science: The very nature of OB is applied. What OB basically does is the application of various researches to solve the organisational problems related to human behaviour. The basic line of difference between pure science and OB is that while the former concentrates on fundamental researches, the latter concentrates on applied researches. As OB involves both applied research and its application in organisational analysis, hence, OB can be called both science as well as art.

5. A normative science : OB is a normative science also. While the positive science discusses only cause effect relationship, OB prescribes how the findings of applied researches can be applied to socially accepted organisational goals. Thus, OB deals with what is accepted by individuals and society engaged in an organisation. Yes, itis not that OB is not normative at all. In fact, OB is normative as well that is well underscored by the proliferation of management theories.                      

6. A Total System Approach: The systems approach is one that integrates all the variables affecting organisational functioning. The systems approach has been developed by the behavioural scientists to analyse human behaviour in view of his/ her socio-psychological framework. Man's socio-psychological framework makes him a complex one and the systems approach tries to study his/her complexity and find solution to it.